1.《道德经》共八十一章,包括《道经》三十七章,《德经》四十四章,是春秋时期老子所作,所以也称作《老子》。TaoTeChingconsistsofeighty-onechapters-thirty-sevenchaptersoftheClassicoftheDao,andforty-fouroftheClassicoftheDe.ItwaswrittenbyLaozioftheSpringandAutumnPeriod(-),andsoitisalsocalledTheLaozi.2.“道”是老子哲学的最重要的概念,是其基础理论。老子认为,“道”是天地万物的本源,虽然是抽象的,但却是真实的存在。“Dao”-theWay-isthemostimportantconceptinLaozisphilosophy.Itishisbasictheory.LaoziregardedtheWayasthewellspringofeverythingintheuniverse,which,despitebeingabstract,wasneverthelessadefiniteexistence.3.老子生活在春秋末期,社会已经无法回到“小国寡民”的状态,当时的社会也比较混乱,弱肉强食的现象经常发生。SocietyintheclosingyearsoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod,whenLaozilived,hadnowayofreturningtothesituationof“smallstateswithscantypopulations.”Inthosedayssocietywasinturmoil,withfrequentoutbreaksofthestrong“gobblingup”theweak.4.道可道,非常道;名可名,非常名。无,名天地之始;有,名万物之母。故常无,欲以观其妙;常有,欲以观其徼(jiào)。此两者同出而异名,同谓之玄。玄之又玄,众妙之门。道,若是可以言辞表述出来的,就不是永恒的道了。名,若是可以言辞表达出来的,就不是永恒的名了。“无”这个词,是用来表述天地的本源的;“有”这个词,是用来表述万物的母体的。所以,可以常常从“无”中观照道的微妙,从“有”中观照道的存在的边际。“有”和“无”这两者都是出于“道”,而称谓不同,都是幽深微妙的。幽深而又幽深,是一切微妙的门径。ThewaythatcanbeexplainedisnottheUnchangingWay.ThenamethatcanbenamedisnottheUnchangingName.TheVoidisthenameofthebeginningoftheuniverse.Existenceisthenameofthemotherofallthings.Therefore,itisintheconstantVoidthatwemustlookforthewondersoftheuniverse,forintheconstantExistencewecanfindonlyitslimits.BoththeseaspectsaredifferentbutcanbecalledProfound.ButtheyaremoreProfoundthantheProfound.AndthereinliestheGatewaytoAllMarvels.5.天下皆知美之为美,斯恶已;皆知善之为善,斯不善已。故有无相生,难易相成,长短相形,高下相盈,音声相和,前后相随。(美和丑,善和不善,都是相对而言的)天下如果都知道美之所以为美,丑的概念就产生了;如果都知道善之所以为善,不善的概念也就产生了。所以有与无,难与易是互相形成的,长与短,高与下是相互显现的,口中所发的声响与耳中听到的声响是相互响应的,前与后也是相依相随的。Itisbecausebeautyexiststhateveryoneknowswhatuglinessis.Itisbecausekindnessexiststhateveryoneknowswhatunkindnessis.Existenceandthevoidspringforthtogether.Thedifficultandtheeasy
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